indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writer; painter; drawer; skilful writer; skilful painter
reader (person); person who reads the cards (in karuta games); composer (of a poem)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
for example; for instance; e.g.
creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
impressions; thoughts; feelings; reactions
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
basis for decision; evidence for judging
item; heading; category; headword (in a dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.); entry
enumeration; citation; listing
character (in a play or novel); dramatis personae
protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story); head of household
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic