indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
symbol used as a placeholder (either because a number of other words could be used in that position, or because of censorship); certain; unnamed; undisclosed
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
plagiarism; plagiarised work
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
type; kind; type (of person); (ideal) type; typewriter; typing
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)