indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
quotation; citation; reference
outline; summary; argument
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
senior high school; high school
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
suffix for familiar person
discovery; detection; finding
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
system; lineage; corollary; system (range of strata that correspond to a particular time period); (taxonomical) series
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
personal; individual; private
writing; composition; essay; sentence
details; particulars; longitude and latitude; warp and weft; warp and woof