indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
expression; presentation; representation; notation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to feel; to sense; to experience
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
such; like that; that sort of; very
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
please (give me); please (do for me)