singularity; singular point
Edo shogunate (1603-1867)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first generation; founder
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Eiroku era (1558.2.28-1570.4.23)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
March; third month of the lunar calendar
sixth day of the month; six days
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
thirteenth day of the month; thirteen days
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
family positioned to accede to the shogunate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at that time; in those days; at that moment; then
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
followers; subordinates; being under someone's command
no more than; just; only; mere; goes no further than
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
nineteenth day of the month; nineteen days; (arch.) fool; (arch.) simpleton
interval; space; valley; gorge; loophole (in a wall); crenel
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
loss; defeat; counter for losses
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
Mikawa (former province located in the east of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for