indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to some extent; to a certain extent
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
party (gathering, celebration, etc.); party (group, political, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's