indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
family structure; family composition; family makeup
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
older brother; elder brother
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
main building (of a manor); central room (of a house)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in that way; thus; so; so?
outward appearance; ostensible; public; official
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
one's in-laws (esp. a woman's in-laws)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
training for homemaking; training in homemaking arts; domestic training
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
reality; actuality; practice (as opposed to theory); truly; really; bhutakoti (limit of reality)
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
mostly; nearly; practically; well-nigh; almost invariably; all but
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
two persons; two people; pair; couple
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
detached building; solitary house; room detached from main house; separation from; loss of interest in; independence of