indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
family structure; family composition; family makeup
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
older brother; elder brother; brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband)
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
main building (of a manor); central room (of a house)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
outward appearance; ostensible; public; official
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
one's in-laws (esp. a woman's in-laws)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
training for homemaking; training in homemaking arts; domestic training
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
reality; actuality; practice (as opposed to theory); truly; really; bhutakoti (limit of reality)
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
almost; nearly; hardly; barely; large majority; large proportion
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
two persons; two people; pair; couple
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
detached building; solitary house; room detached from main house