indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to pass (of time); to elapse
one day; (on) a certain day
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
again; once more; a second time
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
due form; official; formality
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
caller; visitor; company; guest
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to stick through; to force through; to spread throughout; to thoroughly diffuse; to make a path between two points; to proceed in a logical manner; to let pass
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
polite; courteous; civil; careful; close; thorough
correspondence (to); equivalence; suitability; coordination; dealing with; coping with
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
feeling obliged; being grateful; being thankful; (arch.) shrinking back in fear
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood