indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
through; throughout; through (the good offices of); by way of
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
very; extremely; exceedingly; top; highest; best
consent; agreement; acceptance; understanding; satisfaction (e.g. with an explanation); being convinced
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
official function; state function
to manage (all by oneself); to control; to run; to take charge of
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
polite; respectful; reverent
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
white; blank (e.g. paper); uncolored; innocent; not guilty; (arch.) bright
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to avert one's eyes; to avoid looking straight at something; to cover one's eyes
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)