millennium; one thousand years; (fig.) long time
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
old; former; the old; old things; old times; bygone days
royal capital; imperial capital
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
self-government; autonomy; local (governmental) autonomy
magician; wizard; sorcerer; witch
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
often; again and again; frequently; repeatedly
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
neighboring countries; surrounding countries
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
center; centre; metropolis
studying abroad; studying at a different school, etc. (usu. for a specific purpose)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
each nation; many nations; many countries
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
capable person; talented person; human resources; personnel
abundant; plentiful; rich; ample
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to put effort into; to strain; to put strength into; to put forth effort
rise (e.g. of a movement); emergence; rearing one's head; gaining prominence; coming to the fore; gaining power
while; even though; despite
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest