if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to sigh; to breathe a sigh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
white hair; grey hair; gray hair
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cannot be helped; unavoidable; pointless; useless; hopeless (person); annoying
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
end; final; end of life; death; never; not at all
adds force or indicates command
to lose hair; to become bald; to become bare (e.g. a mountain becomes bare of trees)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
it is no exaggeration to say; it is not too much to say
in that manner; like that
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
while; during; while; although; all; both
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
loyalty; devotion; fidelity; inspector of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office (ritsuryo system)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
the one before last; two generations, etc. previous
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
association; link; connection; pledge (esp. for marriage); promise