indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japanese laurel (Aucuba japonica); spotted laurel; lush, green tree
sal (tree) (Shorea robusta); saul; Japanese stewartia (Stewartia pseudocamellia)
... years old; age (of) ...
company employee; office worker; white-collar worker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to finish; to get through with; to graduate; to come to an end; to end; to finish doing ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to face; to go towards; to head towards
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
summons; subpoena; citation; summoning (a spirit, demon, etc.); evocation; invocation
success; achievement; succeeding (in life); (worldly) success; prosperity
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon