indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
stairs; stairway; staircase
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to run up (a hill, stairs etc.); to dash up; to rush up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in comparison to; rather than
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to drag along; to pull; to force someone along; to prolong; to drag out; to influence strongly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
light (of movements); nimble; light-hearted; cheerful; taking a turn for the better (of an illness); receding of symptoms
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
in some way or other; one way or another; somehow; only just; barely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
dance hall; dance floor; landing (stairs); leveling off (e.g. in the economy); period of stagnation
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to scale (mountain, flight of stairs, etc.)
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to hit; to expose; to apply (e.g. patch); to put on; to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); to guess (an answer)
rough; wild; violent; immoderate; extravagant; reckless
to take a breath; to take a short rest
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
door; gate; opening; title page
to put out one's hand; to extend one's arm; to reach (for); to try one's hand at (something new)
in the meanwhile; during the time
slim; slender; slight; delicate
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
figure of a person; figures of people; shadow of a person
to cut into (a line, conversation, etc.); to force oneself into (e.g. a crowd); to wedge oneself into; to fall below (of stock prices, sales, etc.); to drop below
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily