year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
subjugation (using military force); suppression; subduing
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
dangerous; unsettled; troubled; disturbed; insecure
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
dispatch of troops; despatch of troops; expedition
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
tranquil; calm; restful; peaceful; quiet
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
job (work) training (for the unskilled)
candidacy; standing as a candidate; bidding (to host an event, e.g. the Olympics)
wild; growing wild; living in the wild; (arch.) I
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
hut (esp. on a mountain); shack; refuge; shanty
living by oneself; living alone
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)