indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
abundant (grain) crop; good harvest
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
foreign country; other country; another province; strange land; alien land
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
guest of honour; guest of honor; privileged guest; visitor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
to hold (an event); to give (a dinner, party, etc.); to feel (sensation, emotion, call of nature, etc.); to show signs of
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
royal capital; imperial capital
very; much; greatly; a lot of
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
drawstring (e.g. on a bag)
to become loose; to slacken (e.g. rope); to become less tense; to relax; to slacken (e.g. coldness, supervision); to become lax; to become softer (e.g. ground, facial expression)
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
merchant; trader; expert (in a trade or profession); professional; woman working in the nightlife business (bar or nightclub hostess, geisha, etc.); demimondaine
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
dukedom; duchy; principality
tariff (import tax); duty; customs
to pull down; to lower; to reduce; to withdraw
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally