indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
abundant (grain) crop; good harvest
festival; feast; harassment by an Internet pitchfork mob; online shaming; galore (as in "goals galore"); frenzy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
foreign country; another country; another province; strange land; alien land
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
guest of honour; guest of honor; privileged guest; visitor
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to call for; to summon; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to take (e.g. a wife)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to give (an example); to list; to summon up (e.g. all of one's energy); to gather; to arrest (a criminal); to capture; to nominate (e.g. for a position)
to hold (an event); to give (a dinner, party, etc.); to feel (sensation, emotion, call of nature, etc.); to show signs of
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
royal capital; imperial capital
very; very much; greatly; considerably; highly; exceedingly
to show; to display; to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...; to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining; to have (something) looked at (by a specialist)
main street; avenue; boulevard
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
wallet; purse; coin purse; billfold; pocketbook
drawstring (e.g. on a bag)
to become loose; to slacken (e.g. rope); to become less tense; to relax; to slacken (e.g. coldness, supervision); to become lax; to become softer (e.g. ground, facial expression)
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
merchant; trader; expert (in a trade or profession); professional; woman working in the nightlife business (bar or nightclub hostess, geisha, etc.); demimondaine
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
dukedom; duchy; principality
customs (duties); duty; tariff
to lower (a price, tax, standard, etc.); to bring down; to demote; to withdraw (a proposal, request, etc.); to abandon; to withdraw (troops, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally