indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
royal capital; imperial capital
companions; friends; comrades; mates; partners
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
myself; yourself; I; me; you
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to feel; to sense; to experience
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think