winnow; winnowing basket; winnowing fan
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
Kōzuke (former province located in present-day Gunma Prefecture)
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
rope; cord; line; grand champion's braided belt
cooperation; collaboration
river; stream; River; the ... river
island in a pond or river
advance (into a new market or stage of progress); launching (a new career or venture); expanding (into a new market); stepping forward; emerging
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
effect; result; worth; Kai (former province located in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)
provincial capital (under the ritsuryo system); provincial office; public place of imperial rule
return; conclusion; reduction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
after a short while; not long after; soon; before long; shortly thereafter
this occasion; at this time; now
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to concern; to be related
conferral of honors (honours), according to merits
hesitation; indecision; vacillation; azalea (Rhododendron spp.)
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to consult with; to discuss; to confer; to deliberate