indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
prologue; prolog; Prolog (Programming in Logic)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to return; to come back; to turn over; to become extremely; to become completely
meaning; significance; sense
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
curse; spell; malediction
retaliation; revenge; reprisal; retorsion; retortion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
by means of; due to; because of; according to
don't you think?; indicates question
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
proverb; saying; aphorism; maxim
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation