primary school; elementary school; grade school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to loiter (on the way); to waste time
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
loitering on the way; wayside grass
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
question; inquiry; enquiry
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot out (lights, window, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to take command; to give direction
enclosing wall; boundary fence; obstacle; barrier
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...