indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to behave; to conduct oneself; to entertain; to treat someone (to a drink); to make tea for someone (tea ceremony)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to pay attention to another's needs; to attend to; to fuss about; to take into consideration
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
tatami mat (esp. as a measure of room size, either 1.82 sqm or 1.54 sqm)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
kitchen; financial situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
-clad; in the midst of; tenths (e.g. wholesale price, as tenths of retail price); times (i.e. multiplied by); able-to-seat (of a chair, etc.)
to furnish with; to equip with; to prepare for; to make preparations for; to possess (all that is needed); to be endowed with
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
now; the present time; just now; another; more
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
chair; stool; post; office; position
to sit; to squat; to be implicated
wallpaper; wallpaper; background image; desktop image
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
rotation; making the rounds; spreading; effect; efficacy; by way of; via
to burn; to scorch; to char; to singe
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
change of color; change of colour; fading; discoloration; discolouration