indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
merchant; trader; tradesman; dealer; shopkeeper
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
quotient; dealing; dealer; second degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); Shang dynasty (China, approx. 1600-1046 BCE); Yin dynasty
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
although I say; although one might say; although called
in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in reality; to tell the truth
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
guard; protector; defensive armament; personal armor (armour)
repair; mending; fixing; servicing
workshop; studio; atelier
superior (in rank); top; higher order (e.g. byte); host computer (of connected device)
third rank (in the Japanese court system); Trinity; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
synthesis; coordination; putting together; comprehensive
arms; weapons (of war); armor; armour
by means of; due to; because of; according to
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.