why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to go through; to suffer; to experience (something unpleasant)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
son of a bitch; piece of shit
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to tell (to do); to order; to tell on (someone); to tattle; to often say
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
stupid girl; stupid woman
to press against; to push against; to force against; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one's will)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
all; entire; whole; altogether
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
study; library; den; home office; reading room
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
breaking off an engagement
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to frown (on); to be grim-faced; to look sullen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
pleasant; agreeable; comfortable; refreshing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
how long; how much; to what extent
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
overbearing; coercive; pushy; forcible; high-handed
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch