Lydia (Iron Age kingdom of Asia Minor)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
nth-year student; nth-year pupil
to get (very) cold; to get (much) colder; to feel very cold (of the body); to be chilled to the bone; to worsen (of relations, economic conditions, etc.); to decline
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
although I say; although one might say; although called
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
to pass (by) each other; to brush past; to miss (meeting) each other; to fail to meet; to be at odds; to clash
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
memory; recollection; remembrance; memory; storage
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
instant; moment; for an instant
occurrence; happening; incident; event
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ancient Japanese (as spoken in Japan until the Middle Ages)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
corner; section; one horn; pillar (of a group, system, etc.); member (of an organization, etc.); first corner
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to digest; to break down; to break to pieces; to be able to use; to be good at; to finish; to complete
pupil; student; schoolchild
few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
blue; azure; green; pale (facial color); gray; unripe
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
to stand (up); to rise; to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on); to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to leave (to do something)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except