at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
book; volume; this; present; main; head
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
professor; teaching; instruction
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
pupil; student; schoolchild
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
unpleasant; disagreeable; displeasing; uncomfortable; unhappy
Lydia (Iron Age kingdom of Asia Minor)
ancient Japanese (as spoken in Japan until the Middle Ages)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?