indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
fortress; stronghold; citadel
town; city; municipal; urban
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
site; point on a map; spot
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
place; situation; position; location
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
suddenly; all of a sudden
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
travelling on foot; traveling on foot; travelling all over
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
previous generation (e.g. one's parents); family predecessor; predecessor; previous age
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one's possessions; ownership
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
arms; weapons (of war); armor; armour
large number (of); many; majority
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
wildly enthusiastic; crazy (about something)
fan; enthusiast; lover (of); fan (e.g. electric)
sacred place; holy ground; the Holy Land; real-life location used as a setting in a novel, film, anime, etc.
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spot; dot; place; location; (airport) apron; spot advertisement; spot advertising
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then