indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
class; level; stratum; layer; hierarchy
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to float; to set afloat; to show on one's face (smile, sadness, etc.); to recall; to call to mind
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable