indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
petrifaction; petrification; mineralization; mineralisation; lithification; fossilization
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
betterment; improvement; kaizen (Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping)
to stick to; to cling to; to adhere to; to become intimate (of a man and woman); to get close; to get married
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
arm; skill; efforts; ability
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
tightly (hold, squeeze, etc.); firmly; forcefully (e.g. push); hard
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wheedling child; spoiled child (spoilt); pampered child; child who always demands attention
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hiss (esp. cat); sizzle; whoosh
force; vigor; influence; authority; impetus; momentum
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning