raising (bet); raising (object); lifting; raising (topic); bringing up; raising (children); rearing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
to grow fat; to gain weight; to grow fertile; to be refined (palate); to be discerning (eye, ear); to become rich
plot of land; lot; soil; locality; region; place
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
whole year; all year round; always; all the time; during an era; middle class (of a nursery school, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
prosperous; flourishing; popular; widespread; active; lively
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
to put effort into; to strain; to put strength into; to put forth effort
occasionally; once in a while; seldom; casually; unexpectedly; accidentally
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
coincidence; agreement; conformity; consistency; cooperation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
circulation (money, goods, etc.); distribution; circulation (air, water, etc.); ventilation; negotiable (e.g. shares); distributional
analepticum; restorative medicine
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance