indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be scattered about; to disperse; to be littered (with)
to put effort into; to strain; to put strength into; to put forth effort
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
dainty; delicate (e.g. fingers); fine; sensitive; delicate (feelings, sense, etc.); subtle
to break; to snap; to be injured; to wear out; to be worn out; to break; to burst
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
light; easy; non-serious; minor
to spring; to bound; to be stimulated; to be encouraged; to pay handsomely; to splurge
to roll; to tumble; to fall over; to roll over; to lie down; to be scattered about; to be lying around
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to pay no heed to; to not care about; to take no notice of
on the contrary; far from it; if anything; in fact; instead
now (esp. in contrast to the past); now at last; at present; right now
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
traditional cap worn by Shinto clergy and courtiers; crown; diadem; top kanji radical; first verse of a haikai, etc.; best; peerless
slanting; tilted; sloping; distorted (feeling); slanted (e.g. view of the world); bad (mood)
to incline toward; to slant; to lurch; to go down (sun); to wane; to sink
to be disconnected; to get out of place; to miss the mark; to get it wrong (e.g. guess, expectation); to be removed; to be excluded
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to blackmail; to extort; to shake down
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
selection; choice; option
anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation
to bear; to stand; to restrain; to control; to forgive; to put up with
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then