indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in history; ever; historical
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
life; lifetime; career; for life; all one's life; throughout one's life
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(not) even once; (not) ever
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sacred place; holy ground; the Holy Land; real-life location used as a setting in a novel, film, anime, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
formidable enemy; strong enemy; tough enemy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
degree of familiarity; popularity
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
after ages; posterity; future life; the next world
alternation of generations
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
established (certain) fact
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
successive generations; successive emperors
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to