indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be closed; to be blocked; to be clogged; to be plugged up; to be occupied; to be taken (e.g. accommodation)
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in that way; thus; so; so?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
due form; official; formality
after a long time; for the first time in a while
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
urgency; exigency; emergency
to have (urgent) business; to have something one needs to attend to; to have something one wants to say (to someone)
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
office (e.g. the Oval Office)
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)