to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
family positioned to accede to the shogunate
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
fence; bulwark; guarding wall
to force; to compel; to coerce; to press; to impose
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
foster father; adoptive father
by means of; due to; because of; according to
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to succeed (a person, to a position, etc.); to inherit; to patch (clothes); to mend; to add (e.g. charcoal to the fire); to replenish with
higonokami; type of folding knife with metal handle
some; few; somewhat; to a certain extent; (arch.) many; (arch.) a lot
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
arrival of ships (from abroad); arrival by ship
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
curtain; bunting; act (in play)
under the orders of; by order (command)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
article; item; quality; flirtatiousness; coquetry
river; stream; River; the ... river
defense; defence; defensive preparations
to order; to command; to appoint
defense; defence; protection
(most) important; principal; pivotal; key; cardinal
to entrust; to leave to a person
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
burden; load; responsibility; bearing (a cost, responsibility, etc.); shouldering
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to