indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
slanting; tilted; sloping; distorted (feeling); slanted (e.g. view of the world); bad (mood)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
form; shape; figure; visage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
retainer; attendant; escort
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
alvar; biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward; gift
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
of course; certainly; naturally
one country; whole country; hotheaded; stubborn
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
to send out; to forward; to show (a person) out
on the occasion of; at the time of
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
considerably; fairly; quite
capable person; talented person; human resources; personnel
to attend on; to wait on; to accompany; to escort; to chaperone
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
lacking in some desired property (size, usefulness, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to