indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
purification; cleanup (e.g. of politics); purge
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
again; once more; a second time
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to set foot into; to enter; to step inside; to cross the threshold
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
potentiality; likelihood; possibility; availability
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
bad (taste); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do