indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
purification; cleanup (e.g. of politics); purge
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
redoing; doing over again
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
again; once more; a second time
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to set foot into; to enter; to step inside; to cross the threshold
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
possibility; chance; potential; potentiality; possibility (modal property of a proposition containing no logical contradiction)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
not less than ...; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; the above; the above-mentioned
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
bad(-tasting); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
from now; from this moment; henceforth
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
start; commencement; beginning; initiation