indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sink; to go under; to go down (e.g. sun); to set; to feel depressed; to become subdued
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
time; hour; period; class
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be dyed; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
(many) mountains; very much (wanting to do something one cannot); greatly; so many; a lot of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
admiration; wonder; astonishment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to raise one's voice; to shout; to yell; to speak up (e.g. in protest); to speak one's mind
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to incline one's head to the side (in doubt); to tilt one's head to the side (in confusion); to be puzzled
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
scene; spectacle; sight; view
being deeply moved emotionally; excitement; passion; inspiration; deep emotion; strong impression
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to pass (of time); to elapse