Emishi; historical term for non-Yamato peoples in northern Japan; Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
round coin with a (square) hole in the center; coin made of non-precious materials; money
study; library; den; home office; reading room
depraved monk; sinful priest
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of
rule; established routine; standard operating procedure; SOP
to tear; to rip; to break through (cordon, opponent's defense, etc.); to breach; to defeat; to beat; to break (e.g. silence)
clergyman; churchman; clergy
truth; reality; seriousness; logical truth; printed style writing; star performer
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
to write down; to note; to jot down; to remember
at that time; in those days
to be of use as a reference; to be helpful
Edo shogunate (1603-1867)
reclamation (e.g. wasteland); cultivation; development; pioneering; opening up (e.g. new market); breaking new ground
development; exploitation
to entrust; to leave to a person
soldier; combatant; warrior
to not know what to do with; to be at a loss with; to have difficulty with; to be put out
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
felling timber; cutting down trees; logging; lumbering
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
to find fault (with); to cavil (at); to carp (about); to throw a wet blanket (on); to throw cold water (on); to jinx
mainland; the country proper; native country; country where one was born; pure land; Buddha realm
change; alteration; difference; distinction; something wrong; abnormality
resistance; opposition; reluctance; repulsion; resistance; drag
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
negotiations; discussions; connection
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe and humor (humour)
large (amount of money); huge; hefty; expensive
winning over; placation; gentle persuasion
insult; affront; slight; contempt (e.g. of court)
to fly into a rage; to lose one's temper; to flare up; to break out
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568 CE); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
to be descended from; to be drawn from (the tradition of); to be derived from; to follow the school (tradition) of