indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
confession; acknowledgement; confession of love; professing one's feelings; confession of sins (e.g. the confessional)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
passage (of time); elapsing; progress; development; transit
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to discuss; to talk together
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
due form; official; formality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
sticky; thickly (e.g. painted); heavily (applied); all over (pasting, stamping, etc.); clinging (e.g. of a person); following around
in that way; thus; so; so?
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
until now; so far; up to the present
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
anniversary of the establishment (of)
holiday; day off; sleep; rest; Good night
surely; certainly; without doubt