indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hailing each other; acting in concert; responding (to); agreement; concord
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
slight bow (as a greeting or sign of gratitude); nod; salutation; consideration; thoughtfulness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
suitable time; good time; propriety; moderation
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be mixed; to be blended with; to be combined; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
glance; look; glimpse; complete view; bird's-eye view
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to wear; to be dressed in; to be adorned in; to clad oneself with
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
appearance; shape; form; atmosphere; look; feel
atmosphere; mood; a certain air; presence; (Earth's) atmosphere
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
denial; negation; negation (logic); NOT operation
component; factor; item (e.g. in list); element (e.g. in array); member (e.g. data structure)