indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
lightly; gaping wide; suddenly; unexpectedly
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
hole; hole (in golf); (golf) cup; (electron) hole
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
gorgeous; gaudy; dazzling; gay; resplendent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to dress (oneself in); to attire oneself in; to adorn; to pretend; to feign; to affect
observer; spectator (e.g. in court); (member of the) public; visitor; audience; gallery
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
judgment (of a crime); conviction; condemnation; beheading; decapitation
drama; play; powerful drug
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
hostility; antagonism; opposition
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
go that far; to that extent
obstinate; stubborn; mulish; die-hard; bigoted