to obligate; to make compulsory; to require; to mandate
study; pursuit of knowledge
acquaintance; appreciative friend
next generation; future generation
to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear; to bear (burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
already; now; no longer; not any more
living in a group; communal living; community life
(practical) experience; personal experience; hands-on experience; first-hand experience
information; experience; knowledge; observation
to spread; to propagate; to popularize; to broaden; to extend; to widen
arrangement; good offices; discretion; judgment; disposition
as is habit; the way life normally is
custom; practice; convention; precedent
very recently; in the very recent past
generation; the world; the age
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
quarrel; dispute; argument
to become quiet; to quiet down; to quieten down; to calm down; to die down; to subside
average; mean; balance; equilibrium
schoolgirl; female student
judging from; on the basis of; from the point of view of
educational system; school system
few decades; many decades; several decades
postwar period; period after Second World War
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
rate of advancement to the next higher level of education
at the most; at best; to the utmost; as much as possible; as much as one can
rate; ratio; profit; assignment; 10%; unit of ten percent; match
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
urban area; urban district
older sister; elder sister
children's song; nursery rhyme
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
century; hundred years; (fig.) a long time
East Asian age reckoning; traditional system of age reckoning whereby newborns are considered one year old and on New Year's Day one year is added to everyone's age