indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Xiongnu (ancient Central Asian nomadic people associated with the Huns)
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
different race; different ethnic group; different peoples
office and rank; an official rank
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...