indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
muscle-brain; meathead; hot-blooded idiot; person who charges in before thinking
Bunna era (of the Northern Court) (1352.9.27-1356.3.28); Bunwa era
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)