indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
after a short time; in a short while; a short time later
arbitrariness; despotism; high-handedness; tyranny
to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; to investigate thoroughly; to master
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the nine nearest generations of relatives
massacre; annihilation; wholesale slaughter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
after that; afterwards; thereafter
influence; power; might; strength; potency; force
clique; group; (political) faction; wing; school; sect
Chinese scholar-bureaucrat; Chinese scholar-official
oppression; suppression; pressure
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
ban (e.g. on smoking); prohibition
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
step; stair; grade; rank; counter for breaks in written language (or speech, etc.); dan
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
such ... as; or some such
great commander; famous commander
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)