indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
association; fellowship; change (of season, year, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
benefit; use; good; profit; gains
different race; different ethnic group; different peoples
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
glue (usu. from animal and fish bone, skin, etc.)