indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
warrior (esp. of military retainers of daimyos in the Edo period); samurai; (arch.) man in attendance (on a person of high standing); (arch.) retainer
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ten; 10; ten years of age
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
by means of; due to; because of; according to
overthrow; defeat; bringing down; knockdown
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
to appoint; to nominate; to assume (responsibility); to pose as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
how; in what way; how about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
advanced level; high grade; senior