light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
platform; podium; (ceremonial) mound; world (of haiku, art, etc.); (literary) circles; (arch.) mandala
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
death from disease; death from illness
Xianbei (ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
aggression; invasion; raid
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
great wall (of China); long wall
to set a watch; to post guards
while; even though; despite
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
exchange; interchange; switching; reciprocity; barter; substitution
ratio; proportion; percentage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
stability; steadiness; equilibrium
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
two reams (of paper); 1000 sheets (of paper); stanza; verse; tribe (in taxonomy); forecast (bet); bet which predicts the top 2 finishers (i.e. quinella or perfecta bet)
opposition; rebellion; rebounding; recoiling; rally (e.g. in stock prices); recovery
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to prepare; to provide; to set up; to establish; to organize
food (esp. staple food such as rice or wheat); provisions; rations; food supply
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
winning over; placation; gentle persuasion
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
fellow; mutual; companion; comrade
internal conflict; family quarrel; domestic trouble
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
quite; very; 10^48; quindecillion
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed