indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
Yangzhou (China); Yangchow
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
viceroy; governor-general
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
dismissal (from a position); discharge
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
association; fellowship; change (of season, year, etc.)
emperor; ruler (with a heavenly mandate); heavenly being; celestial being
willow (any tree of genus Salix); weeping willow (Salix babylonica)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
board; plank; sheet (of metal); plate (of glass); cutting board; chopping board
benefit; use; good; profit; gains
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext