pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take lessons in; to be taught; to learn (from a teacher); to study (under a teacher); to get training in
composition; synthesis; composite photo; (function) composition
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
development; exploitation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
training; drill; practice; discipline
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
river; stream; River; the ... river
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
salt; common salt; hardship; toil; saltiness; cold
thief; robber; burglar; rebel; insurgent; traitor
control; management; supervision
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
while; during (the time when)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
eldest son (may be the only son); first-born son
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis