indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Xianbei (ancient nomadic tribe of northern Asia)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
Xiongnu (ancient Central Asian nomadic people associated with the Huns)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
viceroy; governor-general
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
prefecture (Japan); county (China, Taiwan, Norway, etc.); department (France); province (Italy, Spain, etc.)
counter for jewels in a watch; counter for transistors, diodes, etc. in an electronic product
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
Wuhuan (proto-Mongolic nomadic people)