indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
clerical script (ancient, highly angular style of kanji)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
cinnabar; vermillion; red pigment (and ink made from same); red text (as used to correct documents)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
school; proof (of a book, document, etc.); counter for proofs
(arch.) inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo system); (noh) old man; white ash (of charcoal)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
salt; common salt; hardship; toil; saltiness; cold
politics; government; peace; (arch.) medical treatment; (arch.) cure
viceroy; governor-general